A **pump** is a mechanical device that converts the energy of a prime mover into fluid energy. It is commonly driven by a motor or diesel engine, which rotates the impeller through the pump shaft, transferring energy to the liquid and enabling it to be transported from the suction tank to a desired location or height via the pump’s flow passage. Pumps are used to increase the potential, pressure, or kinetic energy of a liquid, making them essential in many industrial and daily applications. Pumps are highly versatile machines, with applications spanning across all sectors of the national economy. Wherever there is a need for liquid movement, a pump is likely at work. They are not only used in water supply and drainage systems but also in more specialized areas such as rocket fuel delivery and boat propulsion. Their wide range of uses makes them one of the most critical components in modern engineering. The history of pumps dates back to ancient times, with early examples like the chain pumps in Egypt and water wheels in China during the first century AD. Over thousands of years, pump technology has advanced significantly, leading to the development of over 5,000 different types of pumps today, including more than 2,200 varieties in domestic use. To better organize this vast array of pumps, they are classified based on their working principles and characteristics. Common classifications include: - **Impulse pumps**: Such as centrifugal, mixed flow, axial flow, and whirlpool pumps. - **Volumetric pumps**: Including reciprocating (piston, plunger), rotary (screw, gear, vane, cam), and other specialized types. - **Other types**: Jet pumps, gas lift pumps, water hammer pumps, electromagnetic pumps, and water wheel pumps. Each type of pump is designed for specific applications, depending on the required flow rate, pressure, and operating conditions. This classification helps engineers and technicians choose the most suitable pump for a given task. Whether it's moving water, oil, or even gases, pumps play a vital role in ensuring the efficient and reliable operation of countless systems worldwide.

Position measurement

Position sensors are used in a wide range of automation and measurement applications. A key step in selecting a suitable position sensor is understanding the requirements of sensor size, resolution, repeatability, accuracy, mounting constraints and environmental ruggedness. This paper discusses the available position sensing technologies and concludes with a key feature comparison.

Linear position sensors measure the distance between an object and a point of reference, as well as changes in position. They do this by converting displacement into an electrical output. A wide variety of measurement principles can be used to let you make precise and reliable measurements for a broad range of applications. Linear position sensors and measurement systems are used in industrial applications as well as in scientific laboratories.

Within their specified measurement range, LVDT sensors provide excellent linearity. They are capable of detecting very small changes in position and have virtually unlimited resolution. As a result, LVDT sensors are also suitable for measuring high accelerations and high measurement cycles.

Linear inductive position sensors are durable, long-lived, and especially stable under temperature fluctuations. That means they are ideal for measuring linear travel in almost any industrial setting – especially with hydraulic or pneumatic applications.

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