Access control system network wiring principle

In an access control system, several types of transmission lines are essential for proper functionality. These include power cables, controller signal lines, and remote network signal lines, each playing a unique role in ensuring the system operates efficiently and reliably. The **power cable** is crucial as it provides the necessary energy to the system components. Most access control systems draw power from the equipment room’s UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) to prevent door operation failures during power outages. Typically, the power is delivered in 220V AC to minimize voltage drop along the line. The controller is equipped with a regulated power supply that converts this AC into 12V DC, which powers both the controller and the electric lock. Since most electric locks operate on 12V DC, a surge can occur when the lock is activated due to the electromagnetic coil, causing voltage fluctuations. This can be problematic for the controller, especially in high-reliability systems. To avoid this, separate power modules are often used for the controller and the electric lock, ensuring stable power delivery. The **controller signal line** connects the controller to key components such as the card reader, lock status sensor, and exit button. These signals can be transmitted using twisted pair cables to reduce interference. However, the card reader’s signal line should always be shielded to protect against electromagnetic interference, while the other two lines may be either shielded or unshielded, depending on the environment. For the **remote network signal line**, communication between the controller and the management computer is typically done via RS485, although RS232 may be used for shorter distances. When higher speed is required, TCP/IP over Ethernet is preferred. In all cases, shielded twisted pair cables are recommended to prevent signal degradation from interference. If the controller needs to control a video recorder directly through hard contacts, the control cable should also be shielded to avoid false triggers caused by electromagnetic noise. On the other hand, if the illuminator’s power is controlled via a hard contact, a dedicated power cable should be used instead. When planning the wiring for an access control system, it's important to consider the cross-sectional area of the power cables based on voltage drop and heat generation. This can be determined using standard electrical guidelines or from an electrician’s manual. For signal and control lines, the choice between shielded and unshielded cables depends on the manufacturer’s recommendations for the card reader and controller. As access control systems become more complex, the need for reliable network transmission and safe wiring increases. Therefore, integrating the access control system with the broader structured cabling system has become a common practice. Using network twisted pair cables for signal and control lines not only simplifies installation but also improves performance and reliability. In cases where integrated wiring is already in place, short network twisted pairs (under 20 meters) may not be cost-effective. However, these can still be repurposed for local connections such as distributed controllers, exit buttons, card readers, and lock status sensors. For remote network signals using TCP/IP, the standard star topology of the structured cabling system allows for efficient and secure data transmission. Even RS485 and RS232 lines can be adapted to use network twisted pair cables, provided they are shielded to prevent interference and ensure stable operation.

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