Kidney bean mosaic disease prevention and control

Mosaic disease is commonly observed during the hot and dry seasons of summer and autumn. In severe cases, it can significantly reduce crop yield and lower product quality. Therefore, timely application of **pesticides** is essential to manage the disease effectively. The symptoms of mosaic disease affect the entire plant. Initially, the upper leaves show mottling with a mix of dark green and light green areas. In more severe cases, the leaves may become curled, shriveled, or deformed. Infected plants tend to be stunted, with shortened internodes and overall dwarfing. During flowering, the flowers may appear malformed, sparse, and produce fewer pods. The pods might be elongated like a rat's tail, with underdeveloped seeds. In some instances, brown necrotic spots may also appear on the leaves or pods. The disease is caused by several viruses, with three main types being: 1. **Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV)**: This virus has spherical particles measuring 28–30 nm in diameter. It can be transmitted through mechanical inoculation via plant sap, as well as by aphid vectors such as the green peach aphid, cotton aphid, and others. However, seed transmission is rare. 2. **Cowpea Aphid Mosaic Virus (CAMV)**: This virus has rod-shaped particles and is primarily spread by the peach aphid and cotton aphid. It can also be transmitted through contact with infected plant sap. Seed transmission occurs at a rate of about 8–10%. CAMV can infect not only cowpeas but also other legumes like mung beans, lima beans, and soybeans. 3. **Cowpea Mosaic Virus (CPMV)**: This virus has granular particles approximately 750 nm long. It is mainly transmitted through mechanical inoculation and by aphids such as the cotton aphid and peach aphid. Although most cowpea seeds are not infected, there is still a low incidence of seed-borne infection. The occurrence of cowpea mosaic disease is largely influenced by the presence of infected host plants and weeds in the field. Transmission is mainly facilitated by winged aphids that carry the virus from one plant to another. Environmental factors such as high temperatures, dry weather, poor farming practices, and inadequate water and nutrient supply contribute significantly to disease outbreaks. To effectively manage this disease, the following integrated control measures are recommended: 1. Use seeds harvested from healthy, fully developed pods to avoid introducing the virus into the field. 2. Improve field management by removing weeds and applying high-quality organic fertilizers. Ensure proper irrigation, especially during dry periods, to maintain strong plant growth and enhance resistance to disease. 3. Implement early pest control measures. At the seedling stage, apply insecticides such as 40% dimethoate emulsion diluted 1000–1500 times, or 20% methrin emulsion diluted 3000 times, to prevent the spread of the virus by aphids. 4. During the seedling stage, consider using nutritional and antioxidant sprays, such as Baifu farmers diluted 800–1000 times, 20% virus A wettable powder diluted 500 times, or Bacteriocide Clear diluted 300 times, to support plant health and improve resistance to viral infections.

Gasket

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