Exploring the crushing size of raw materials for pig feed

In recent years, the study of the optimal particle size for grinding various livestock feed ingredients has gained significant attention from professionals in the animal husbandry industry. A growing number of scientific publications have explored the importance of precisely controlling the particle size of feed ingredients to enhance animal performance. This article compiles some of the most relevant research findings, aiming to provide readers with a foundational understanding of this topic and to highlight the current state and future trends in this field. **First, a brief overview of the reasons for moderately reducing the particle size of feed ingredients. Advantages of raw material crushing:** 1) It makes it easier to process certain root vegetables or high-fiber materials. 2) It improves the uniformity of mixing. 3) It prepares the material for further processing steps like pelleting or puffing. 4) It enhances digestibility by increasing the surface area available for digestive enzymes. 5) It can better meet consumer preferences. The American Society of Agricultural Engineers (1968) introduced a method for evaluating particle size using a lognormal distribution proposed by Headley et al. This method calculates the average particle size, geometric standard deviation, and surface area by measuring the ratio of feed ingredients through a standard sieve. The American Institute of Dairy Science also adopted this approach in 1970. This evaluation system has greatly facilitated collaboration between zoologists, nutritionists, and feed manufacturers, as it provides a standardized way to compare different grinding processes and assess how particle size affects livestock production. **Livestock Production Performance** Current research in this area is primarily focused on pig nutrition, but the impact of particle size on production performance extends beyond pigs. The effect of particle size on feed utilization depends not only on the type of feedstock but also on the growth stage of the animals. Younger animals tend to chew more thoroughly than adults, so the particle size of adult pig diets doesn’t necessarily need to meet the same standards. Studies have shown that reducing particle size can improve animal performance regardless of age. In one study, sorghum was processed using a hammer mill after being dried in a drum dryer. The material was sieved through 6.4 mm and 3.2 mm screens, resulting in granules with average particle sizes of 1,262, 802, and 471 microns. These were tested on finishing pigs with ileal fistulas. Results showed that reducing the particle size significantly increased the apparent digestibility of dry matter, carbohydrates, energy, and nitrogen. Ohh et al. used two different sizes of corn and sorghum, processed by a drum mill and a hammer mill. The drum mill produced finer particles, while the hammer mill used 6.4 mm and 3.2 mm sieves. The results indicated that the drum mill produced a smaller geometric standard deviation and less dust compared to the hammer mill. Feed intake was higher when the grain was coarser, and the lowest intake was observed with the finest particles, which were less palatable to piglets. Studies have confirmed that fine grinding improves nutrient digestibility, likely due to an increase in the surface area exposed to digestive enzymes. However, excessive grinding can reduce feed palatability and increase the risk of gastric ulcers in livestock, especially in breeding pigs. From a management perspective, over-processing can lead to dust accumulation, which may cause respiratory issues or eye irritation. Additionally, it can result in feed bridging in storage bins, affecting feeding efficiency.

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